U.S.
Leading Democratic and Republican senators are putting together legislation that would reinstate sanctions and impose new ones if Iran doesn't make good on its pledge to roll back its nuclear program as agreed to by world powers and Iran on Saturday in Geneva, brushing aside the Obama administration's fears about upending its diplomatic momentum.
Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., and Mark Kirk, R-Ill., hope to have the bill ready for other lawmakers to consider when the Senate returns Dec. 9 from its two-week recess, according to legislative aides.
Despite what many called a landmark agreement, several lawmakers in Congress are skeptical, if not outright hostile, of the deal reached by Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the U.S. with Iran over the weekend in Geneva.
The interim agreement allows Iran to keep central elements of its nuclear program, which it says is for peaceful purposes only, while capping its uranium enrichment to levels well below the concentration of fissionable material needed for nuclear weapons. Iran also must grant U.N. inspectors greater access to nuclear sites, neutralize higher-enriched uranium stockpiles and halt work on a planned heavy water reactor near Arak.
In exchange, Iran will receive about $7 billion in relief over the next six months from international sanctions that have crippled its economy. More than half of that amount comes from money now in frozen accounts to which the Iranians will be given access. Iran also will be allowed to restart limited sales of petrochemicals and other products.
The Kirk-Menendez measure would require the administration to certify every 30 days that Iran is adhering to the terms of the six-month interim agreement and that it hasn't been involved in any act of terrorism against the United States.
Without that certification, sanctions worth more than $1 billion a month would be re-imposed and new sanctions would be added. The new measures would include bans on investing in Iran's engineering, mining and construction industries and a global boycott of Iranian oil by 2015. Foreign companies and banks violating the sanctions would be barred from doing business in the United States.
Daryl G. Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association, told Al Jazeera that the strategy of the senators looking to pass a new sanctions bill is "illogical and counterproductive."
"The existing, core sanctions regime provides more than sufficient leverage on Iran to take further concrete measures to restrain its nuclear potential and improve transparency measures necessary to guard against a secret nuclear weapons effort in the future," he said.
Nevertheless, the senators hope to send the bill to the White House before the end of the year, said the aides, who spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because they weren't authorized to speak by name on the matter.
"I do not believe we should further reduce our sanctions, nor abstain from preparations to impose new sanctions," Menendez, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said after Sunday's interim agreement was announced.
The powerful American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) echoed the call.
New sanctions are needed "so that Iran will face immediate consequences should it renege on its commitments or refuse to negotiate an acceptable final agreement," the group said.
However, Kimball said that safeguards to do just that are already in place.
"If Iran violates the terms of the first phase deal or if a final phase agreement is not concluded in six months, the president can reverse the limited sanctions relief of the first phase agreement and Congress could consider additional sanctions, if necessary," he said.
Imposing stiffer economic penalties against Iran enjoys wide support in Congress. President Barack Obama has pleaded personally with lawmakers to give him more time and room for diplomatic efforts. The interim agreement promises no new penalties against Iran while it is in effect.
Obama, without naming names, swiped at those who have questioned the wisdom of engaging with Iran.
"Tough talk and bluster may be the easy thing to do politically, but it's not the right thing to do for our security," he said during an event in San Francisco on Monday.
Administration officials say new pressure from Congress now could prompt the Iranians to walk away from the deal and cause unrest between the U.S. and its negotiating partners in the so-called P5+1.
"We need to give diplomacy a chance to work," Tony Blinken, Obama's deputy national security adviser, said Monday on MSNBC. "New sanctions now, on top of the ones that are already in existence and will continue to be implemented, we fear would be taken as a sign of bad faith, not just by the Iranians but, indeed, by our partners in the P5+1 and other countries around the world whose cooperation we require to implement the sanctions and make them effective."
The administration wants no new sanctions laws enacted while the world tests Iran's seriousness to curb its nuclear program. That applies even if the fresh sanctions come with wide waiver authority, according to congressional aides who have spoken with administration officials.
Blinken said sanctions can be turned up "on a dime" six months from now if no comprehensive agreement is reached in the interim.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid has yet to determine how he'll react to the agreement, Democratic aides said.
Reid said last week that the Senate would move forward with new sanctions when lawmakers return from their Thanksgiving break. But he took a more cautious approach Monday, telling NPR that Menendez and Sen. Tim Johnson, Democratic chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, will study the interim agreement with Iran and "hold hearings if necessary."
"If we need work on this, if we need stronger sanctions, I am sure we will do that," Reid said.
Having voted new sanctions against Iran four months ago, the House is waiting for the Senate to act. The House would likely give overwhelming support to any new legislation against Iran, given that it voted 400-20 in favor of new penalties in July.
Al Jazeera and The Associated Press
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